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Glossary: H
Glossary: H
Hard Macro (Macro Cell)
A logic function defined by the manufacturer of an
application-specific integrated circuit. The function is described in
terms of the simple functions provided in the cell library and the connections
between them. The manufacturer also defines how the cells forming the
macro will be assigned to basic cells and the routing of tracks between
the basic cells.
Hardware
Generally understood to refer to any of the physical
portions constituting an electronic system, including components, circuit
boards, power supplies, cabinets, and monitors.
Harmonic
Integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of
interest commonly produced by a non-linear amplifier.
Harmonic Balance
A frequency domain analysis technique for simulating
nonlinear circuits and systems. This method assumes the input stimulus
consists of a relatively few steady state sinusoids. Therefore the solution
can be expressed as a sum of steady state sinusoids that includes the
input frequencies in addition to any significant harmonics or mixing
terms. A circuit with a single input source will require a single tone
HB simulation. The harmonic balance simulation is ideal for situations
where transient simulation methods are problematic, such as:
• Components modeled in frequency
domain, for instance (dispersive) transmission lines
• Circuit time constants large compared
to period of simulation frequency
• Circuits with lots of reactive components
Harmonic balance methods, therefore, are the best
choice for most microwave circuits excited with sinusoidal signals (e.g.
mixers, power amplifiers).
Harmonic Tuning
Impedance-matching at the harmonic frequencies for
enhanced performance and efficiency.
Hertz
Unit of frequency. One Hertz equals one cycle, or
one oscillation, per second.
Hetrojunction
The interface between two regions of dissimilar semiconductor
materials. The interface of a hetrojunction has naturally occurring
electric fields which can be used to accelerate electrons, and transistors
created using hetrojunctions can switch much faster than their counterparts
of the same size.
Hexadecimal
Base-16 numbering system. Each hexadecimal digit can
be directly mapped onto four binary digits, or bits.
High Impedance State
The state on a signal that is not being driven by
any value. A high-impedance state is indicated by the character Z.
Holographic Interconnect
A form of optical interconnect based on a thin slice
of quartz, into which three-dimensional images are cut using a laser
beam. Thus, the quartz is referred to as a computer-generated hologram,
and this interconnection strategy is referred to as holographic.
Homojunction
An interface between two regions of semiconductor
having the same basic composition but opposing types of doping. Homojunctions
dominate current processes because they are easier to fabricate than
hetrojunctions.
Hybrid
An electronic sub-system in which a number of integrated
circuits (packaged and/or unpackaged) and discrete components are attached
directly to a common substrate. Connections between the components are
formed on the surface of the substrate, and some components such as
resistors and inductors may be fabricated directly onto the substrate.
Hydrogen Bond
The electrons in a water molecule are not distributed
equally, because the oxygen atom is a bigger, more robust fellow which
grabs more than its fair share. The end result is that the oxygen atom
has an overall negative charge, while the two hydrogen atoms are left
feeling somewhat on the positive side. This unequal distribution of
charge means that the hydrogen atoms are attracted to anything with
a negative bias; for example, the oxygen atom of another water molecule.
The resulting bond is known as a hydrogen bond.
Hz (Hertz)
Unit of frequency. One Hertz equals one cycle, or
one oscillation, per second.
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