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Glossary: D
Glossary: D
D/A (Digital-to-Analog)
The process of converting a digital value into its
analog equivalent.
Data Bus
A bi-directional set of signals used by a computer
to convey information from a memory location to the central processing
unit and vice versa. More generally, a set of signals used to convey
data between digital functions.
Data-Path Function
A well-defined function such as an adder, counter,
or multiplier used to process digital data.
dBm
Power level relative to 1mV rms.
DC Balance
Stream of data encoded to ensure an equal balance
of 1 or 0 . 8b10b encoding has been developed to ensure DC balancing.
DC Coupling
A method of coupling two different circuits together,
allowing them to share both the static DC and varying AC characteristics
of a signal.
Decoder (digital)
A logic function that uses a binary value, or address,
to select between a number of outputs and to assert the selected output
by placing it in its active state.
Deep Sub-Micron
Typically taken to refer to integrated circuits containing
structures which are smaller than 0.5 microns.
DeMorgan Transformation
The transformation of a Boolean expression into an
alternate, and often more convenient, form.
Design
In Designer, Designs are the building blocks of projects,
and can be System designs, Nexxim designs, or 3D planar EM models. Designs
consist of schematics or geometrical models, model data, solution setup
information, output graphs and tables, and other pieces of information
that go into describing simulation of electrical circuits. A design
is the largest single simulatable entity in a project.
Device
A discrete, separate electrical entity such as a diode,
a capacitor or a packaged transistor.
Die
(1)An unpackaged integrated circuit. In this case,
the plural of die is also die (in much the same way that "a shoal of
herring" is the plural of "herring"). (2)A piece of metal with a design
engraved or embossed on it for stamping onto another material, upon
which the design appears in relief.
Die Separation
The process of separating individual die from the
wafer by marking the wafer with a diamond scribe and fracturing it along
the scribed lines.
Die Stacking
A technique used in specialist applications in which
several bare die are stacked on top of each other to form a sandwich.
The die are connected together and then packaged as a single entity.
Dielectric Layer
(1)An insulating layer used to separate two signal
layers. (2)An insulating layer used to modify the electrical characteristics
of an MCM-D substrate.
Diffusion Layer
The surface layer of a piece of semiconductor into
which impurities are diffused to form P-type and N-type material. In
addition to forming components, the diffusion layer may also be used
to create embedded traces.
Digital
A value represented as being in one of a finite number
of discrete states called quanta. The accuracy of a digital value is
dependent on the number of quanta used to represent it.
Digital Circuit
A collection of logic gates used to process or generate
digital signals.
Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
A primarily digital component used to process either
digital or analog signals. In the case of the latter, the signal may
first be conditioned, then converted into a digital equivalent using
an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter function. The signal conditioning
and A/D functions may either be external to the DSP or resident in the
device. A typical DSP application might be the compression/decompression
of video data.
Digital-to-Analog (D/A)
The process of converting a digital value into its
analog equivalent.
Diode
A two-terminal device that only conducts electricity
in one direction; in the other direction it behaves like an open switch.
The term diode is typically taken to refer to a semiconductor device,
although alternative implementations such as vacuum tubes are available.
Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL)
Logic gates implemented using particular configurations
of diodes and bipolar junction transistors. For the majority of today's
designers, diode-transistor logic is of historical interest only.
Discrete Device
Typically taken to refer to an electronic component
such as a resistor, capacitor, diode, or transistor that is presented
in an individual package. More rarely, the term may be used in connection
with a simple integrated circuit containing a small number of primitive
gates.
Discrete Wire Board (DWB)
A form of circuit board in which a special computer-controlled
wiring machine ultrasonically bonds extremely fine insulated wires into
the surface layer of the board. This discipline has enjoyed only limited
recognition, but may be poised to emerge as the technology-of-choice
for high-speed designers.
Discrete Wire Technology
The technology used to fabricate discrete wire boards.
Doping
The process of inserting selected impurities into
a semiconductor to create P-type or N-type material.
Double-Sided
A printed circuit board with tracks on both sides
DPSK
Differential phase-shift keying.
DQPSK
Differential quadrature phase-shift keying.
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
A memory device in which each cell is formed from
a transistor-capacitor pair. Called dynamic because the capacitor loses
its charge over time, and each cell must be periodically recharged if
it is to retain its data.
DSP (Digital Signal Processor)
A primarily digital component used to process either
digital or analog signals. In the case of the latter, the signal may
first be conditioned, then converted into a digital equivalent using
an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter function. The signal conditioning
and A/D functions may either be external to the DSP or resident in the
device. A typical DSP application might be the compression/decompression
of video data.
DTL (Diode-Transistor Logic)
Logic gates implemented using particular configurations
of diodes and bipolar junction transistors. For the majority of today's
designers, diode-transistor logic is of historical interest only.
DUT
Device under test.
Dynamic Flex
A type of flexible printed circuit which is used in
applications that are required to undergo constant flexing such as ribbon
cables in printers.
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
A memory device in which each cell is formed from
a transistor-capacitor pair. Called dynamic because the capacitor loses
its charge over time, and each cell must be periodically recharged if
it is to retain its data.
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